Decision Making. Direction and Senses. Error Correction. Fill in the blanks. Idioms and Phrases. Input and Output. Logical Deductions. Logical Problems. Statement and Assumptions. Statements and Arguments. Statements and Conclusions. Symbols and Notations. Write the correct letter A- I, in boxes on your answer sheet. NB: you may use any letter more than once 1. It is with no great effort by sailors to calculate the position when in the center of the ocean theoretically.
To determine the longitude, a measurement of distance from moon to a given star is a must. In theory, by calculating the longitude degrees covered by a sail journey, the distance between the start and the end points can be obtained.
Hundred years ago, sailors tried to identify their time by checking the sun or stars, but the trouble was that they did need a reliable clock which showed time of And the timekeeper required would be to precisely tell a tangible time lapse confined to An extraordinary craftsman, Harrison, once created a novel clock which did not rely on Later on, competitive mode of Base on Harrison's effort, Earns haw eventually implement key components for Section 2 Father of modern management A.
Widely considered as the father of "modem management," he wrote 39 books and countless scholarly and popular articles exploring how humans are organized in all sectors of society—business, government and the nonprofit world. His writings have predicted many of the major developments of the late twentieth century, including privatization and decentralization; the rise of Japan to a world economic power; the decisive importance of marketing; and the emergence of the information society with its necessity of lifelong learning.
Drucker has said that writing is die foundation of everything he does. In , he published his first book, which was written in Europe. In , before the United States entered World War n, he wrote The Future of Industrial Man, in which he presented his social vision for the postwar world. In , General Motors asked Drucker to study its management practices. Drucker accepted and spent 18 months researching and writing the book.
Concept of the Corporation. The concepts Drucker introduced in the s and s have endured. In , Drucker wrote his first book that taught people how to manage. Management by objectives require managers to establish goals for theft subordinates and devise means of measuring results. Workers are then left alone to perform as they will and measure theft performance. Drucker wrote, "It is not possible to be effective unless one first decides what one wants to accomplish.
He went on to explain that every worker must be given the tools "to appraise himself, rather than be appraised and controlled from the outside. Management by objectives has become an accepted business concept and is probably Drucker's most important contribution. Drucker issued challenges to junior, middle and senior management: 'The very term "middle management" is becoming meaningless [as some] will have to learn how to work with people over whom they have no direct line control, to work transnationally, and to create, maintain, and run systems-none of which are traditionally middle management tasks.
Drucker interviewed executives and workers, visited plants, and attended board meetings. While the book focused on General Motors, Drucker went on to discuss the industrial corporation as a social institution and economic policy in the postwar era. He introduced previously unknown concepts such as cooperation between labor and management, decentralization of management, and viewing workers as resources rather than costs.
Drucker saw people as a resource, and considered that they would be more able to satisfy customers if they had more involvement in then jobs and gained some satisfaction from doing them. This concept of management by objectives forms the keynote of his landmark The Practice of Management.
He referred to decentralization as 'a system of local self government, in which central management tells division managers what to do, but not how to do it.
The young executives are given the freedom to make decisions — and mistakes — and learn from the experience. Top leaders at General Motors disliked the book and discouraged their executives from reading it.
Many other American executives criticized Concept for its challenge to management authority. Drucker wasn't immune to criticism. The Wall Street Journal researched several of his lectures in and reported that he was sometimes loose with facts. Drucker was off the mark, for example, when he told an audience that English was the official language for all employees at Japan's Mitsui trading company.
And he was known for his prescience. Specifically, critics say that the system is difficult to implement, and that companies often wind up overemphasizing control, as opposed to fostering creativity, to meet their goals.
Drucker didn't shy away from controversy, either. Throughout his career, Drucker expanded his position that management was "a liberal art " and he infused his management advice with interdisciplinary lessons including history, sociology, psychology, philosophy, culture and religion. He also strongly believed that all institutions, including those in the private sector, had a responsibility for the whole society.
If the managers of our major institutions, especially in business, do not take responsibility for the common good, no one else can or will. Others include a decreasing birth rate in developed countries, a shift in population from rural to urban centers, shifts in distribution of disposable income and global competitiveness.
Drucker believes these changes will have a tremendous impact on business. Business "gums" have come and gone during the last 50 years, but Drucker's message continues to inspire managers. In Managing for the Future: The s and Beyond , Drucker discussed the emergence of the "knowledge worker" — whose resources include specialized learning or competency rather than land, labor or other forms of capital.
Questions Reading Passage 2 has 6 paragraphs A-F. Choose die correct heading for paragraphs A-F from the list of headings below. Write the correct number: i-x, in boxes on your answer sheet List of Headings i. Introducing new management concepts to postwar era ii.
Ideas that stood the test of time iii. Early publications iv. Shifting the focus of management in modem manufactures v.
Thinker and scholar with world-wide popularity vi. The changing role of employees in management viii. Find fault with Drucker ix. Paragraph c Drucker believed the employees should enjoy the same status as the employers in a company Drucker strongly support that economists of schools have resources to explain the problems of modem economies at least in a macroeconomics scope Write your answers in boxes 24 and 25 on your answer sheet.
Managers should be responsible for the common good of the whole society. Young executives should be given chances to start from low level jobs C. More emphasis should be laid on fostering the development of the union.
Management should facilitate workers with tools of self-appraisal instead of controlling them from the outside. Write your answers in boxes 26 and 27 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO of the following are mentioned in the passage as criticisms to Drucker and his views? His lectures are too broad and lack of being precise and accurate about the facts, C. His concepts helped corporate executives but not average workers. His ideas are sometimes impractical and result in opposite outcomes. He was overstating the case for knowledge workers when warning businesses to get prepared. Section 3 Extinct: the Giant Deer Toothed cats, mastodons, giant sloths, woolly rhinos, and many other big, shaggy mammals are widely thought to have died out around the end of the last ice age, some 10, years ago.
The Irish elk is also known as the giant deer Megaloceros giganteus. Analysis of ancient bones and teeth by scientists based in Britain and Russia show the huge herbivore survived until about 5, B. The research team says this suggests additional factors, besides climate change, probably hastened the giant deer's eventual extinction. The factors could include hunting or habitat destruction by humans. The Irish elk, so-called because its well-preserved remains are often found in lake sediments under peat bogs in Ireland, first appeared about , years ago in Europe and central Asia.
Through a combination of radiocarbon dating of skeletal remains and the mapping of locations where the remains were unearthed, the team shows the Irish elk was widespread across Europe before the last "big freeze.
He added that pollen analysis indicates the region then became very dry in response to further climactic change, leading to the loss of important food plants. Hunting by humans has often been put forward as a contributory cause of extinctions of the Pleistocene mega fauna. The team, though, said their new date for the Irish elk's extinction hints at an additional human-made problem—habitat destruction. Lister said, "We haven't got just hunting 7, years ago—this was also about the time the first Neolithic people settled in the region.
They were farmers who would have cleared the land. Meanwhile, Lister cast doubt on another possible explanation for the deer's demise—the male's huge antlers. Some scientists have suggested this exaggerated feature—the result of females preferring stags with the largest antlers, possibly because they advertised a male's fitness —contributed to the mammal's downfall.
They say such antlers would have been a serious inconvenience in the dense forests that spread northward after the last ice age. But, Lister said, "That's a hard argument to make, because the deer previously survived perfectly well through wooded interglacials [warmer periods between ice ages]. High amounts of calcium and phosphate compounds are required to form antlers, and therefore large quantities of these minerals are required for the massive structures of the Irish Elk.
The males and male deer in general met this requirement partly from their bones, replenishing them from food plants after the antlers were grown or reclaiming the nutrients from discarded antlers as has been observed in extant deer.
Thus, in the antler growth phase. Giant Deer were suffering from a condition similar to osteoporosis. The extinction of megafauna around the world was almost completed by the end of the last ice age. It is believed that megafauna initially came into existence in response to glacial conditions and became extinct with the onset of warmer climates.
Tropical and subtropical areas have experienced less radical climatic change. The most dramatic of these changes was the transformation of a vast area of north Africa into the world's largest desert.
Significantly, Africa escaped major faunal extinction as did tropical and sub-tropical Asia. The human exodus from Africa and our entrance into the Americas and Australia were also accompanied by climate change.
Australia's climate changed from cold-dry to warm-dry. As a result, surface water became scarce. Most inland lakes became completely dry or dry in the warmer seasons. Most large, predominantly browsing animals lost their habitat and retreated to a narrow band in eastern Australia, where there was permanent water and better vegetation. Some animals may have survived until about years ago. If people have been in Australia for up to 60 years, then megafauna must have co-existed with humans for at least 30 years.
Regularly hunted modem kangaroos survived not only 10 years of Aboriginal hunting, but also an onslaught of commercial shooters. The group of scientists led by A. Stuart focused on northern Eurasia, which he was taking as Europe, plus Siberia, essentially, where they 've got the best data that animals became extinct in Europe during the Late Pleistocene. Some cold-adapted animals, go through into the last part of the cold stage, and then become extinct up there. So you've actually got two phases of extinction.
Now, neither of these coincide — these are Neanderthals here being replaced by modem humans. There's no obvious coincidence between the arrival of humans or climatic change alone and these extinctions. There's a climatic change here, so there's a double effect here. Again, as animals come through to the last part of the cold stage, here there's a fundamental change in the climate, reorganization of vegetation, and the combination of the climatic change and the presence of humans -- of advanced Paleolithic humans — causes this wave of extinction.
There's a profound difference between the North American data and that of Europe, which summarize that the extinctions in northern Eurasia, in Europe, are moderate and staggered, and in North America severe and sudden. And these things relate to the differences in the timing of human arrival. The extinctions follow from human predation, but only at times of fundamental changes in the environment.
Questions Answer the questions below. What kind of physical characteristics eventually contributed to the extinction of Irish elk? What kind of nutrient substance needed in maintaining the huge size of Irish elk? What geographical evidence suggested the advent of human resulted in the extinction of Irish elk?
Questions Matching choose the letter A-D and fill in box A. Eurasia B. Australia C. Asia D. Which statement is true according the Stuart team's finding? Neanderthals rather than modem humans caused the extinction in Europe B.
Paleolithic humans in Europe along kill the big animals such as Giant deer C. Onion growers in eastern Oregon are adopting a system that saves water and keeps topsoil in place, while producing the highest quality "super colossal" onions.
Pear growers in southern Oregon have reduced their use of some of the most toxic pesticides by up to two-thirds, and are still producing top-quality pears. These are some of the results Oregon growers have achieved in collaboration with Oregon State University OSU researchers as they test new farming methods including integrated pest management IPM.
Nationwide, however, IFM has not delivered results comparable to those in Oregon. A recent U. S General Accounting Office GAO report indicates that while integrated pest management can result in dramatically reduced pesticide use, the federal government has been lacking in effectively promoting that goal and implementing IPM. Farmers also blame the government for not making the new options of pest management attractive.
Green action groups disagree about the safety issue. Department of Agriculture and Oregon farmers to help develop agricultural systems that will save water and soil, and reduce pesticides. In response to the GAO report, the Centre is putting even more emphasis on integrating research and farming practices to improve Oregon agriculture environmentally and economically.
The work coming from OSU researchers must be adopted in the field and not simply languish in scientific journals. In Oregon, growers and scientists are working together to instigate new practices. For example, a few years ago scientists at OSU's Malheur Experiment Station began testing a new drip irrigation system to replace old ditches that wasted water and washed soil and fertilizer into streams.
The new system cut water and fertilizer use by half, kept topsoil in place and protected water quality. In addition, the new system produced crops of very large onions, rated "super colossal" and highly valued by the restaurant industry and food processors. The new practices benefit the environment and give the growers their success. OSU researchers in Malheur next tested straw mulch and found that it successfully held soil in place and kept the ground moist with less irrigation.
In addition, and unexpectedly, the scientists found that the mulched soil created a home for beneficial beetles and spiders that prey on onion thrips - a notorious pest in commercial onion fields - a discovery that could reduce the need for pesticides.
OSU researchers throughout the state have been working to reduce dependence on broad spectrum chemical sprays that are toxic to many kind of organisms, including humans. Picture perfect pears are an important product in Oregon and traditionally they have required lots of chemicals. In recent years, the industry has faced stiff competition from overseas producers, so any new methods that growers adopt must make sense economically as well as environmentally. Hilton is testing a growth regulator that interferes with the molting of codling moth larvae.
Another study used pheromone dispensers to disrupt codling moth mating. These and other methods of integrated pest management have allowed pear growers to reduce their use of organophosphates by two-thirds and reduce all other synthetic pesticides by even more and still produce top-quality pears.
These and other studies around the state are part of the effort of the IPPC to find alternative farming practices that benefit both the economy and the environment. Questions Use the information in the passage to match the people listed A-G with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-G in boxes on your answer sheet. NB you may use any letter more than once A. Patrick Leahy C. Bill Bowler D. Paul Jepson E. Art Pimms F. Steve Black G. Rick Hilton 1. There is a double-advantage to the new techniques.
The work on developing these alternative techniques is not finished. Eating food that has had chemicals used in its production is dangerous to our health. Changing current farming methods into a new one is not a cheap process. Results have exceeded the anticipated goal. The research done should be translated into practical projects. The U. Expectations of end users of agricultural products affect the products.
Integrated Pest Management has generally been regarded as a success in j the across the US. Oregon farmers of apples and pears have been promoted as successful examples of Integrated Pest Management. The IPPC uses scientists from different organisations globally Shaw mulch experiments produced unplanned benefits.
The apple industry is now facing a lot of competition from abroad. In the French minister of education, facing limited resources for schooling, sought a way to separate die unable from the merely lazy.
Alfred Binet got the job of devising selection principles and his brilliant solution put a stamp on the study of intelligence and was the forerunner of intelligence tests still used today, he developed a thirty-problem test in , which tapped several abilities related to intellect, such as judgment and reasoning, the test determined a given child's mental age', the test previously established a norm for children of a given physical age.
A large disparity in the wrong direction e. This message was however lost, and caused many problems and misunderstanding later. Although Binet's test was popular, it was a bit inconvenient to deal with a variety of physical and mental ages. So in Wilhelm Stem suggested simplifying this by reducing die two to a single number, he divided the mental age by the physical age, and multiplied the result by An average child, irrespective of age, would score Terman, professor of psychology and education of Stanford university, in The practical side of psychometrics the development and use of tests became widespread quite early, by , when Einstein published his grand theory of relativity, mass-scale testing was already in use.
The military had to build up an army very quickly; it had two million inductees to sort out. Who would become officers and who enlisted men? Psychometricians developed two intelligence tests that helped sort all these people out, at least to some extent, this was the first major use of testing to decide who lived and who died, as officers were a lot safer on the battlefield, the tests themselves were given under horrendously bad conditions, and the examiners seemed to lack commonsense, a lot of recruits simply had no idea what to do and in several sessions most inductees scored zero!
The examiners also came up with the quite astounding conclusion from the testing that the average American adult's intelligence was equal to that of a thirteen-year-old! Intelligence testing enforced political and social prejudice, their results were used to argue that Jews ought to be kept out of the united states because they were so intelligently inferior that they would pollute the racial mix; and blacks ought not to be allowed to breed at all. And so abuse and test bias controversies continued to plaque psychometrics.
Write the correct letter A-G in boxes on your answer sheet. Questions Choose the correct letter, A, B, c or D. Officers B. Normal Soldiers C. Examiners D. Submarine drivers. Give credit to the contribution of Binet in IQ test B. Computer technology was supposed to replace paper. But that hasn't happened. Every country in the Western world uses more paper today, on a per- capita basis, than it did ten years ago. The consumption of uncoated free-sheet paper, for instance the most common kind of office paper — rose almost fifteen per cent in the United States between and A number of cognitive psychologists and ergonomics experts, however, don't agree.
Paper has persisted, they argue, for very good reasons: when it comes to performing certain kinds of cognitive tasks, paper has many advantages over computers.
The dismay people feel at the sight of a messy desk — or the spectacle of air-traffic controllers tracking flights through notes scribbled on paper strips - arises from a fundamental confusion about the role that paper plays in our lives.
They begin their book with an account of a study they conducted at the International Monetary Fund, in Washington, D. Economists at the I. Nonetheless, the I. Their answer is that the business of writing reports - at least at the I. The economists bring drafts of reports to conference rooms, spread out the relevant pages, and negotiate changes with one other.
They go back to their offices and jot down comments in the margin, taking advantage of the freedom offered by the informality of the handwritten note. Then they deliver the annotated draft to the author in person, taking him, page by page, through the suggested changes.
At the end of the process, the author spreads out all the pages with comments on his desk and starts to enter them on the computer — moving the pages around as he works, organizing and reorganizing, saving and discarding. Without paper, this kind of collaborative and iterative work process would be much more difficult. According to Sellen and Harper, paper has a unique set of "affordances" — that is, qualities that permit specific kinds of uses.
Paper is tangible: we can pick up a document, flip through it, read little bits here and there, and quickly get a sense of it. And it's tailorable: we can easily annotate it, and scribble on it as we read, without altering the original text.
Digital documents, of course, have then own affordances. They can be easily searched, shared, stored, accessed remotely, and linked to other relevant material. But they lack the affordances that really matter to a group of people working together on a report. Sellen and Harper write: D. Paper enables a certain kind of thinking.
Picture, for instance, the top of your desk. Chances are that you have a keyboard and a computer screen off to one side, and a clear space roughly eighteen inches square in front of your chair.
What covers the rest of the desktop is probably piles- piles of papers, journals, magazines, binders, postcards, videotapes, and all the other artifacts of the knowledge economy. The piles look like a mess, but they aren't. When a group at Apple Computer studied piling behavior several years ago, they found that even the most disorderly piles usually make perfect sense to the piler, and that office workers could hold forth in great detail about the precise history and meaning of thefr piles.
The pile closest to the cleared, eighteen-inch-square working area, for example, generally represents the most urgent business, and within that pile the most important document of all is likely to be at the top. Piles are living, breathing archives. Over time, they get broken down and resorted, sometimes chronologically and sometimes thematically and sometimes chronologically and thematically; clues about certain documents may be physically embedded in the file by, say, stacking a certain piece of paper at an angle or inserting dividers into the stack.
But why do we pile documents instead of filing them? Because piles represent the process of active, ongoing thinking. The psychologist Alison Kidd, whose research Sellen and Harper refer to extensively, argues that "knowledge workers" use the physical space of the desktop to hold "ideas which they cannot yet categorize or even decide how they might use.
What we see when we look at the piles on our desks is, in a sense, the contents of our brains. The sample papers inside are valuable albeit somewhat long and there are very good tips on how to achieve a good score of at least band 6. What is the band score that this book will help me to achieve in the Reading section?
Does this book contain a lot of practice materials, because I get confused at which one to choose and which one to leave? With an 8. She has worked with The Hindu for over a year as an English language trainer. Hi, please send me the 15 days master material. It will be very helpful for me. Thank you in advance. I am looking for reading practice general.
Thanks in advance email [email protected]. Just like in the exam. The questions in this section vary from multiple choice At times, the text will also include diagrams and the candidates need to answer various questions related to that. Here are some sample reading tasks from the official sources: Sample tests with answers. E both required for 1 mark 6. This is why you remain in the best website to see the incredible book to have.
Inside IELTS 15 Academic with Answers with Audio you'll find FOUR complete examination papers plus details of the different parts of the test and the scoring system, so you can familiarise yourself with the Academic test format and practise your exam technique. Prepare with our free materials. In addition there is one set of the General Training Reading and Writing modules. AC Reading Test 5 with Answers. The passages may contain illustrations.
Blog best ielts preparation online free, book for ielts, book for ielts exam, books for ielts, books for ielts exam, books ielts, british council ielts book free download pdf, exam for ielts, exam of ielts, free practice tests ielts, guide for ielts, how to get band 8 in ielts general writing, How to get good score in IELTS General, how to get [DOWNLOAD] Ielts Academic Reading Practice Test With Answers Pdf updated! Get experience of the computer-delivered Academic Writing test with the two different types of example questions below.
The Dutch are not the only would-be moles. Academic reading. While taking up the Academic Reading Practice test, certain things have to be kept in mind which are given below: The Academic Reading test is 60 minutes long.
Sustainable architecture - lessons from the ant, Inside the mind of the consumer, The accidental rainforest. AC Reading Test 2 with Answers. TRUE if the statement agrees with the information. Author: Mccarter Publisher: Size: Look at the 'Answers' section to check the scores obtained in the reading test. It's a good idea to practice this several times before taking the actual test.
There is a choice of Reading and Writing tests according to whether a candidate is taking the Academic or General Training module. Both responses should be written in a formal style. Write your name and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page. If you are thinking of enlisting in the US Army, you could take the Asvab. All passages are of the same level of difficulty as the real test. On this page you can find Reading passage 1 - complete it, click "check" and proceed to the next section.
Over the past decade, there has been a ban on smoking in public places and moves to restrict displays in shops. IELTS practice tests available here. So, if you have registered for IELTS exams, you need these reading test samples to boost your chances of passing.
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